A surgical procedure in which a cut is made through the skin to remove an entire lump or suspicious area so it can be checked under a microscope for signs of disease.

A biopsy is a medical procedure performed to obtain a tissue sample from a specific area of the body for further examination. When it comes to superficial lumps, which are lumps or growths that are close to the surface of the skin, a biopsy may be necessary to determine their nature, whether they are benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous).

There are different types of biopsies that can be conducted for superficial lumps, depending on various factors such as the size, location, and characteristics of the lump. One common method is a skin biopsy, which involves removing a small portion of the affected skin tissue. This can be done through various techniques such as a punch biopsy, shave biopsy, or excisional biopsy.

Pleural and ascitic fluid tapping are medical procedures used to obtain fluid samples from the pleural cavity (around the lungs) and the abdominal cavity (around the organs), respectively.

Pleural fluid tapping, also known as thoracentesis, is performed when there is an abnormal buildup of fluid in the pleural space, which can be caused by conditions such as pneumonia, heart failure, cancer, or infection. During the procedure, a healthcare professional inserts a thin needle or a catheter into the pleural space, usually guided by imaging techniques like ultrasound. The fluid is then withdrawn and sent for laboratory analysis to determine its composition and identify any underlying causes or infections.

Ascitic fluid tapping, also called paracentesis, is done when there is an accumulation of fluid in the abdominal cavity, a condition known as ascites. Ascites can be caused by liver disease, heart failure, cancer, or other conditions.

Lumbar puncture, also known as a spinal tap, is a medical procedure performed to obtain a sample of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from the subarachnoid space in the lower back.

During a lumbar puncture, the patient is positioned on their side or sits with their back curved and their knees pulled up towards their chest. The back is cleaned and sterilized, and a local anesthetic is administered to numb the area. A thin, hollow needle is then inserted between two vertebrae in the lower back, into the subarachnoid space. The needle is carefully advanced until it reaches the desired location, and a small amount of CSF is collected in sterile tubes.

The collected CSF sample is sent to a laboratory for analysis, which can help diagnose conditions such as meningitis, encephalitis, multiple sclerosis, or certain types of cancer that affect the CNS.

Bone marrow aspiration is a medical procedure used to collect a sample of bone marrow for examination. It involves the extraction of a small amount of liquid marrow, usually from the hip bone or sternum.

The area is cleaned and numbed, and a needle is inserted into the bone to withdraw the marrow. The sample is then analyzed in a laboratory to evaluate the cells, including red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. Bone marrow aspiration is often performed to diagnose and monitor various blood disorders, such as leukemia, lymphoma, and certain types of anemia.

Bone marrow biopsy is a medical procedure used to obtain a sample of the solid tissue within the bone marrow for examination. It is often performed in conjunction with a bone marrow aspiration to provide a comprehensive assessment of the bone marrow.

During a bone marrow biopsy, the patient is positioned in a way that allows access to the bone marrow site, typically the hip bone or sternum. The area is cleaned and numbed, and a larger needle is inserted into the bone. With a twisting motion, a small core of bone marrow tissue is extracted. The procedure may cause some discomfort or pressure sensation, but it is generally tolerable.

Chemotherapy is the most commonly used treatment approach for most forms of cancer. It is a drug treatment that destroys rapidly growing cells in the body.

There are many types of chemotherapy drugs available for treatment for different cancers. This treatment approach can be a standalone treatment or be used in combination with other methods like radiation & surgery.

Chemotherapy is most often used to kill cancer cells in patients suffering from various cancers.

Chemotherapy can be a standalone treatment option for patients who are not suitable for surgery or other treatment methods. In most surgical cancer cases, there is a likelihood of certain harmful cells being left out.